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Class 12 Political Science Notes Chapter 4 Alternative Centres CBSE  Class   12  Political Science Notes Chapter 4  Alternative Centres  of  Power  is part of  Class   12  Political Science Notes for Quick Revision. Here we have given short notes to revise  After the Second World War, Europe shattered the assumptions and structures on which the European states had based their relations. To revive European economy, the US introduced 'Marshall Plan' to establish organisation for European Economic Cooperation in 1948. Through OEEL, Western European States began to cooperate on trade and economic issues. European Union established in 1992 .It was  A group of European Capitalist countries with a common foreign and security policy, Cooperation on justice and home affairs and Creation of single currency.  It has its own flag, anthem and founding date. The European Union has economic, political, diplomatic and military influe...

Geography Chapter-7 Lifelines of National Economy I. Roadways : India has one of the largest road networks in the world. Its importance can be viewed. (i) Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines (ii) Roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating topography. (iii) Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and as such can traverse mountains such as the Himalayas. (iv) It is economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods over short distances. (v) It provides door to door services. (vi) It is used as feeder to other modes of transport such as they provide a link between railway stations, air and sea ports. Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways : The Govt. has launched a major road development project linking Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai and Delhi by six-lane super highways. The North-South corridors linking Srinagar [Jammu & Kashmir] &Kanyakumari [T.N.] & East-West Corridor Connecting silcher (A...

DATA OF INDIAN ECONOMICS Year's 1757- Battle of Plassey 1869- Suez canal 1881- First census 1921 - Year of great divide 1907 - TISCO 1850 - Introduction of railways  1853 - First train in India 1966 - Green revolution 1948 - First industrial policy 1956 - Second IPR 1955- Small scale industries 1991- NEP 2017 - GST 2016 - Demonetisation 1948- GATT 1995 - WTO & NSAP 2014- Make in India & Jhan dhan yojna 2001 - Removal of Quotas 1962 - Study group by PCI 1979 - Task Force group 1989 - Expert group 2008 - PMEGP 2004- NFFWP 2005 - MGNREGA 1964 - Education commission 2009 - Right to Education Act 1998 - Tapas Majumdar committee 1969 - Institutional sources for credit 1982 - NABARD 1970 - Operation flood (White revolution) & MRTP Act 1991 to 2012 - Golden revolution 2005 - NREG Act 2013 - Montreal protocol 1974 - CPCB 1980 - IUCN CHINA  1949 - Independence 1953 - First five year plan 1978 - Economic reforms 1965 - Great proletarian cultural revolution 1958- Great leap fo...

Whenever a person pays a price for a commodity or a service and uses it the person becomes a consumer  However some of the shopkeepers try to cheat the consumer  By giving a poor quality goods or charging more than a actual price for it .  The consumer must be aware of their rights and the policies the government has drawn to protect their rights  In today’s economy with expansion business activities we have a variety of goods available in the market as well as no of services including insurance, transport, electricity, banking ,finance ,  Most of our is   should for good and services is influenced by the advertising in television, newspapers and magazines  The companies spend a considerable amount of advertisements to attract consumer and feed information that they want to know but not to information that we are consumers need to know about the products  We as a consumer are exploited in many ways like underweight and under measurement, stan...

SKIM SCAN WRITE METHOD SKIM: First, read first two and last two lines of each paragraph and identify the heading, sub-heading, and title of note-making. SCAN: Underline all the sub-points and mark necessary abbreviations WRITE: Attempt It... HOW TO MARK ABBREVIATIONS Just write first three/two letters ' and last three/two letters E.G. 1. Beautiful -> Be'ful 2. Differentiation -> Dif'ion

The Maharaja Sir Jilani Jung Jung Bhadur was called “Tiger King”. When he was just 10 days old, he asked intelligent questions to the astrologers and was told that he would be killed by a tiger. He uttered, “Let tigers beware!” No other miracle took place, the child grew like any other Royal child drinking white cow’s milk. He was taught by an English tutor and looked after by an English nanny. He watched English films. When he was 20, he was crowned as king. It was then the prediction of his death by the tiger reached the Maharaja’s ear and him in turn to safe guard himself killed a tiger and being thrilled he told the astrologer who replied that he can kill 99 tigers but should be careful with the 100th. He pledged that all other affairs of the state would be attended after killing a hundred tigers. Then he started killing tigers. None except Maharaja was allowed to hunt tigers. A high-ranking British officer visited the state that was fond of hunting tigers and his wish was declined...

summary  of the  English  chapter  lost  spring  Class 12​ The first part of the story (sometimes I find a rupee in the garbage) tells about the writer's impressions about the life of the unfortunate rag pickers. The rag pickers migrate from Dhaka and find a settlement in Seema puri. They end up losing their fields and homes due to storms. Then they come to a big city to find a living but are poor. The author met a boy named Saheb, the ragpicker, every morning who is scrounging for "gold" in her neighborhood. Garbage is actually the means of survival for the elders and it is something wrapped in wonder for children. Saheb wanted to be a tennis player but his poverty pulled him back. Later saheb started to work at a tea stall, he earns 800 rupees. But the job takes away his freedom and the canister seems heavier than the plastic bag he would carry easily. II – I want to drive a car. The second part is about the life of Mukesh, who comes from the family of ba...